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Lesson - 1
REVIEW OF BASIC UNIX CONCEPTS
P0
Advanced UNIX User|Forward|1-0.1|13,54
Dear UNIX User, congratulations on your
progress in learning the UNIX System!
At this point you should have finished CTI's
Getting Started In UNIX and The UNIX User tutorials,
and/or understand the concepts presented in those
tutorials.
If you find the material in this lesson new to
you, please review The UNIX User tutorial before
proceeding.
MENU
Basic Concepts: Review|Topics to Learn|1-0.2|12,46
# Topic
--- -----
1 - Review of Basic Concepts
2 - UNIX Software Resources
3 - UNIX Hardware Resources
4 - The UNIX Editors
5 - The UNIX File System
6 - Input/Output Redirection
7 - UNIX Pipes and Background Processing
8 - Lesson Review
0 - Return to the Main Menu
P1
Basic Concepts: Review|Software Resources|1-1.1|12,57
UNIX is a multi-user operating system because on
most UNIX systems several users may be logged in at
the same time.
UNIX is a multi-tasking operating system because
a user can run more than one program at a time.
Some UNIX systems have more than one processor
executing program(s) simultaneously (in "parallel"),
thus UNIX has the capability of handling parallel
processing.
P2
Basic Concepts: Review|Software Resources|1-2.1| 1 , 25
UNIX SOFTWARE RESOURCES
P3
Basic Concepts: Review|Hardware Resources|1-3.1|14,55
As you recall, the integral components of your
computer system are the central processing unit (CPU),
the primary memory, the system disk (secondary memory),
the system console and the keyboard.
Besides the integral components, your UNIX system
is probably equipped with several other peripheral
devices including:
* an off-line printer,
* one or two floppy disk drives,
* a magnetic and/or cartridge tape drive, or
* an optical disk, etc.
P4
Basic Concepts: Review|Hardware Resources|1-3.2|17,54
By now you should know how to:
* move around in the directory hierarchy,
* use basic file manipulation commands,
* use the vi editor to create and modify files,
* send files to your off-line printer,
* perform inter-user communications,
* use input-output redirection facilities,
* use pipes,
* format magnetic media, and
* use the commands for reading and writing to the
magnetic media,
In case you are unfamiliar with these tasks,
please review CTI's Getting Started in UNIX and
The UNIX User tutorials before proceeding with this
course.
P5
Basic Concepts: Review|UNIX Editors|1-4.1|11,56
The UNIX editors provide the capability for:
* creating files,
* making changes on the current line,
* making changes affecting multiple lines,
* context searching, and
* interrupting and performing external commands.
The UNIX distribution includes a line editor, ed
and, on most versions, the premier UNIX screen editor, vi.
P6
Basic Concepts: Review|UNIX Editors|1-4.2|16,48
UNIX systems generally come with several
different types of editors including:
* line editors: ed, ex, edit
* screen editors: vi
* stream editors: sed
Other editors and word processing packages are
available from third party sources. In particular,
emacs, which has windowing and other powerful
features.
Another commercial UNIX word processor is
Lyrix available from the Santa Cruz Operation.
P7
Basic Concepts: Review|The UNIX File System|1-5.1|6,54
The file system is a uniform set of directories
and files arranged in a tree-like, hierarchical structure.
Files are grouped into directories and directories
are organized in a hierarchy.
P8
Basic Concepts: Review|The UNIX File System|1-5.2|10,54
A pathname is the complete name of a directory or
a file.
A pathname traces the path through the file system
to the desired file.
The top of the hierarchy is a special directory
called root, with the pathname /.
P9
Basic Concepts: Review|Input/Output Redirection|1-6.1|11,52
Many utilities such as:
ps, ls, who, date, pwd, and echo
use the standard output (usually your terminal
screen) to deliver the output to you.
Interactive programs read information from the
standard input (usually your terminal keyboard) and
write their output to the standard output.
P10
Basic Concepts: Review|Input/Output Redirection|1-6.2|13,53
By using the input redirection facility which is
signified by < , one may use the contents of a file
as the input to a program that normally expects input
from the standard input. For example:
prog.run < data.in
The output from the program that usually writes
to the standard output may be redirected to a file
with > :
prog.run > data.out
P11
Basic Concepts: Review|Pipes and Background Processing|1-7.1|13,58
The pipe provides a user with the means of connecting
the output of one command to the input of another, i.e.,
what comes out of one process is piped into another.
The pipe process is signified by the shell character | .
For example,
ls -l | wc -l
will use the output of the ls command as input to the
wc command. In other words, this command will count
the number of files in the current directory.
P12
Basic Concepts: Review|Pipes and Background Processing|1-7.2| 14 , 51
UNIX is a mult-processing system; therefore,
it permits one to execute more than one program or
process at a time. The process(es) that the user
chooses to run unattended are said to be running
in the background, while the attended process is
running in the foreground.
A command or process will run in the background
if it is invoked by appending an & to the end of
the command line, e.g.,
doit < chapter_1 > result &