First Steps with UNIX
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Copyright CourseWare Technologies Inc., 1985-88
Lesson - 2
FIRST STEPS WITH UNIX
MENU
First Steps with UNIX|Topics to Learn|2-0|10,52
# Topic
--- -------
1 - How to Log On
2 - How to Log Off
3 - Typing Conventions
4 - How to Use the User's Reference Manual
5 - How to Use Some Basic Commands
6 - How to Use the On-Line Manual
7 - Lesson Review
0 - Return to Main Menu
TOPIC1
How to Log On
P1
First Steps with UNIX|How to Log On|2-1.1|11,54
The process of logging on:
* verifies your right to use the system and
* lets the UNIX system set up your environment.
Requirements for logging on include:
* an account on the system,
* a login name, and
* a password (which may be changed by the user).
P2
First Steps with UNIX|How to Log On|2-1.2|14,60
1. The system prompts you with: login:
2. You respond by typing: your login name <CR>
3. The system prompts you with: Password:
4. You type: your password <CR>
(Your password is not echoed
on the screen.)
5. If your login name and the associated password are
valid, the system responds with a greeting, any
relevant messages of the day, and tells you if you
have mail.
TOPIC2
How to Log Off
P3
First Steps with UNIX|How to Log Off|2-2.1|14,52
To log off, press <CONTROL-d> This tells
the system that there are no more commands and
that the UNIX session should be terminated.
After you log off, the system will again
respond with a login prompt:
login:
Your system may be set up to log a user off
automatically if he or she has not responded to
the UNIX prompt after a specified number of
minutes.
TOPIC3
Typing Conventions
P4
First Steps with UNIX|Typing Conventions|2-3.1|12,60
Let's review a few important points from the Getting Started
in UNIX tutorial:
UNIX distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase.
Lowercase is typically used for filenames, login
names, and directory names.
To back up over typing mistakes on a command
line, you can use <CONTROL-h> or your BACKSPACE key.
P5
First Steps with UNIX|Typing Conventions|2-3.2|11,50
Cursor positioning keys (the arrow keys on
your keyboard) do not function at the command
level (when you see your shell prompt).
Use <CR> or <NEWLINE> to terminate command lines.
Use <DEL> or <BREAK> to interrupt typing a
a command line or a command in progress.
P6
First Steps with UNIX|Typing Conventions|2-3.3|13,50
Use <CONTROL-s> to temporarily stop the terminal
output.
Use <CONTROL-q> to restart terminal output stopped
with <CONTROL-s>.
Use <CONTROL-u> to cancel the current command line.
Use <CONTROL-d> to send an "End Of File (EOF)"
character to the program that reads the keyboard input.
Note: <CONTROL-d> at the prompt will log you off, if
this is your login shell.
TOPIC4
How to use the User's Reference Manual
P7
First Steps with UNIX|User's Reference Manual|2-4.1|5,51
When you need information about a command and
there is no one around to ask, you can turn to the
books that come with your system. They are called
the Reference Manuals.
P8
First Steps with UNIX|User's Reference Manual|2-4.2|9 , 54
The User's Reference manual provides information
on most of the commands, files, and functions that have
been delivered with your system.
The manual is divided into 2 sections:
1 - Commands (C) and
2 - Hardware Dependent (HW) commands
First Steps with UNIX|The Programmer's Manual|2-4.2|16,60
The programmer's manual provides information on most
of the commands, files, and functions that have been
delivered with your system.
The manual is divided into 8 sections:
1 - commands available to users,
2 - system calls,
3 - C library routines, including the standard I/O
package, standard input and output, and the
math function library,
4 - special files,
5 - file formats and conventions,
6 - games,
7 - word processing packages, and
8 - system maintenance commands and procedures.
P9
First Steps with UNIX|The User's Reference Manual|2-4.3|16,60
A standard format is used for all UNIX manual
entries. Each manual entry is made up of at least
three sections:
1. NAME - gives the name of the command and a short
description of its effect.
2. SYNTAX - provides the syntax for the command line.
The words in bold type are entered as they appear;
words in italics or underlined denote the arguments
to the command as described in the description
section. For example:
NAME pr - prints files on the standard output
SYNTAX pr [options] [file(s)]
P10
First Steps with UNIX|The User's Reference Manual|2-4.4|13,60
3. DESCRIPTION - describes the effect of the
command and how its arguments are interpreted.
There may be other sections present:
- FILES - indicates files used by the commands.
- SEE ALSO - provides references to related commands.
- DIAGNOSTICS - discusses diagnostics that may be produced.
- BUGS - provides information on known bugs and design
errors in the command.
- EXAMPLE - provides an example of the command's usage
and the results produced.
P11
First Steps with UNIX|The User's Reference Manual|2-4.5|1,56
Let's look at a manual page for the who command.
TOPIC5
How to use Some Basic Commands
P12
First Steps with UNIX|Using Some Basic Commands|2-5.1|14,62
The syntax for a command line is:
command name [option(s)] [argument(s)]
* The command is what you are asking UNIX to do.
* The options (also called flags) modify the actions
of a command.
* The arguments may be filenames or other pertinent text.
Some commands, like date, do not require options
or arguments.
P13
First Steps with UNIX|Using Some Basic Commands|2-5.2|11,56
Let's review some of the commands you were introduced to
in the Getting Started in UNIX course:
General information commands include:
date - displays the current date, including hours,
minutes, seconds, day and month of the year.
who - prints the login names of the users currently
logged on to the system along with their
terminal identification.
P14
First Steps with UNIX|Using Some Basic Commands|2-5.3|7,52
Commands regarding your directory include:
pwd - prints the pathname of your current working
directory
ls - lists the names of all files in your
current directory
P15
First Steps with UNIX|Using Some Basic Commands|2-5.4|12,56
Printing commands include:
cat - displays the contents of a file from beginning
to end without stopping or paginating.
pr - displays the contents of a file separated into
pages with headers.
more - displays the contents of a file a line or a
screen at a time.
nroff - formats a file according to internal instructions.
P16
First Steps with UNIX|Using Some Basic Commands|2-5.5|6,50
We'll introduce two new commands for you now:
clear - will clear your terminal screen.
echo "message" - will echo the message on the screen.
TOPIC6
How to use the On-Line Manual
P17
First Steps with UNIX|The On-Line Manual|2-6.1|11,54
On some systems, the User's Reference Manual is
also available on-line using the man command. This
command prints a section of the user manual for the
given a command name.
SYNTAX:
man [section] command name
NOTE: Because the manual takes up so much space, it
is not available on some smaller systems.
TOPIC7
Lesson Review